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Empathy: A Social Psychological Approach (Social Psychology), by Mark H Davis
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Empathy has long been a topic of interest to psychologists, but it has been studied in a sometimes bewildering number of ways. In this volume, Mark Davis offers a thorough, evenhanded review of contemporary empathy research, especially work that has been carried out by social and personality psychologists.Davis’ approach is explicitly multidimensional. He draws careful distinctions between situational and dispositional “antecedents” of empathy, cognitive and noncognitive “internal processes,” affective and nonaffective “intrapersonal outcomes,” and the “interpersonal behavioral outcomes” that follow. Davis presents a novel organizational model to help classify and interpret previous findings. This book will be of value in advanced undergraduate and graduate courses on altruism, helping, nad moral development.
- Sales Rank: #1935595 in Books
- Brand: Brand: Westview Press
- Published on: 1996-01-26
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .63" w x 6.00" l, .88 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 272 pages
- Used Book in Good Condition
About the Author
Mark H. Davis is associate professor of psychology at Eckerd College in St. Petersburg, Florida.
Most helpful customer reviews
16 of 18 people found the following review helpful.
Exceptionally comprehensive review of Empathy and Altruism
By A Customer
This exceptional academic book should be considered a benchmark in the research on the social psychology of empathy and altruism. Covering both the affective and cognitive, individual differences, origins, and interpersonal aspects of empathy, this book summerizes completely and clearly nummerous theories in this area. Dr. Davis writes in a clearly knowledgeable style that is both compelling and humorous. This is definately a must for any psychologist in the area of interpersonal relations, and for anyone looking to understand the kindness and understanding that is exhibited by humanity.
0 of 0 people found the following review helpful.
No theory means going nowhere
By Peter Oliphant
Professor Davis tries to make system out of a chaos of observation studies that are badly in need of theory. Davis' theory is an 'organizational model' (Chapter 1) of arrows among boxes, with the 'actor' (person) as the starting points and the 'target' (another person) as the ending point. Arrows point to the boxes. On launch (or 'processing'), there are 'intrapersonal outcomes' and 'interpersonal outcomes' of helping, aggression, and 'social behavior.' There is no theoretical discussion that explains the boxes, the arrows, 'social psychology,' or any of the technical terms.
Searching the book for a definition of 'empathy' finds 35 subheadings under that topic, among which Davis does not take a position. So, he finds that studies are “interesting” and “intriguing,” and there is this theory, that theory, and the other little theory down there somewhere. The idea that empathy is a 'disposition' probably refers to organic variables, such as appear in in socio-biology (Chapter 2). Maybe empathy becomes 'global' in infancy, but 'egocentric' in childhood, and 'altruistic' in adulthood.
(Let me reveal my bias. Empathy is somatic responses from the physical-organic genetic heritage in insects, fish, mammals, and primates, as the literature in socio-biology shows. In humans, empathy is automatic, mutual sharing of feelings, as in heart-rate changes that match between infants and mothers or matching of monthly cycles in adults ('cycle sisters') in intimacy among adults. But organic empathetic feelings attenuate after infancy. Human history demonstrates that sympathy so humans come to sympathy, which is is the capacity to observe the feelings of others without automatically mirroring the feelings. Social system and culture teach humans how to act on sympathy ultimately as altruism.)
Davis' data in the search for empathy are test situations in the literature, but his presentations have no consistent references to age, sample size, and like variables (Chapter 3). Davis reviews a very wide range of recent literature, particularly small groups of college students. His measures are 'role-taking, the tendency of individuals to entertain the perceptual, cognitive, or affective perspective of others'; 'non-affective outcomes such as accuracy in social judgments'; and 'affective outcomes' (undefined).
Assessment of 'individual differences' in empathy ends in the generalization that these depend on family relations and discipline (Chapter 4).
His search for 'non-affective outcomes' (Chapter 5) reviews 'actor-target' observations that seek empathetic actors' matching targets' 'empathetic actions' by 'urging the observer' to 'empathetic role taking.' For defined as accuracy in the perception of others, Davis writes, “...the overall pattern, to put it charitably, is mixed” (91). In other words, poor correlations show that the search is for Will-o'-the Wisp.
The search for 'affective outcomes' (Chapter 6) reviews studies for 'parallel responding' (imitation) and 'reactive responding' (sympathy), but finds no correlations of any importance: “all modes of responding...will tend to produce affective and parallel responding” (110) and “...although tending in general to produce affect of all types, adopting the perspective of the target [other person] is the process especially likely to produce empathetic concern.” (110)
The search for 'interpersonal outcomes' (Chapter 7) differentiates 'egoistic' (self-serving) from 'true' altruism (self-sacrifice) and finds the tautology that empathy affects helping behavior. Aggression is another 'interpersonal' or 'social' behavior, and the literature displays other tautologies – aggression interferes with empathetic behavior and social relationships such as marriage benefit from satisfaction, consideration, communication, and conflict management (Chapter 8, 9).
The writer asks “where we should go from here,” as he titles Chapter 10: new measurement methods and a better organizational model. Indeed, the 'organizational model' is not analytic; arrows proceed in one direction, without mention of feedback; 'affect' and 'cognition' are not equivalent categories; and 'outcome' is an evaluation of goal-attainment without statement of the goals of the actor in social structure and culture.
The book has a long index that fogs all the terms by listing their connections to other terms. There is a long bibliography, and the writing style is pleasant, pitched at college undergraduates.
2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
greater understanding
By KS
Wonderful synopsis of studies on empathy plus a great series of theoretical analysis regarding the topic.
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